Web Application for Providing Score Access to Facilitating Students’ Performance

Promoting student engagement is a primary goal in education, and educators have identified strategies to enhance student involvement. Among these strategies, providing access to scores has emerged as a vital component. Scores, as indicators of academic performance, hold a significant influence on student participation. When students work diligently to achieve good grades or scores, they not only experience a sense of accomplishment


Introduction
Scores play a crucial role in motivating students to participate actively in their studies (Delfino, 2019).Providing students with access to their scores fosters a positive classroom environment and positively impacts student motivation (Meşe & Sevilen, 2021).Lack of motivation in classroom activity is a common problem among today's generation of students (Briones, Dagamac, David, & Landerio, 2021).Allowing students to review their scores empowers them to engage in self-assessment and understand their academic performance better.Enabling students to access their scores provides valuable feedback, aiding their learning and understanding of the content (l-Darei & Ahmed, 2022).Feedback and communication are crucial in education, improving the learning process and boosting student motivation (Akhtar, Hussain, Afzal, & Gilani, 2019).Students perceive the information as positive news, potentially boosting their confidence and satisfaction with their academic performance (Azmat, Bagues, Cabrales, & Iriberri, 2019).
In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the education sector needs to embrace emerging digital technologies that have become more crucial than before (Onyema, et al., 2020).Sharing scores on Excel is a convenient way to utilize digital information in the context of academic performance.By using Excel, lecturers can easily input and organize students' scores, making it convenient to share.Sharing scores digitally enables students to receive feedback from lecturers or peers, facilitating transparency and competition among students.On the other hand, sharing scores openly can raise privacy concerns and may lead to feelings of inadequacy or unhealthy competition, and some students may prefer to keep their academic performance confidential.
Unhealthy competition also creates a sense of pressure and may lead to stress, burnout, and a focus on external metrics rather than self development (Giselle, Terrell, David, & Ann-Gel, 2020).
A web application that provides students with access to their scores may offer several advantages compared to using Excel or other offline methods.The web application allows students to retrieve their information easily from any device with an internet connection.This eliminates the need for manual sharing of performance results and saving time for both students and lecturers.Besides that, web applications can ensure data security and privacy by implementing appropriate authentication.By allowing students to easily access their grades, the application can promote self-assessment, motivation, accountability, and communication to enhance the collaborative learning environment.

Research Methodology
In the research methodology chapter, the chosen approach for developing the application is the waterfall framework.The waterfall framework is a sequential and linear approach that guides the systematic development process (Pressman & Maxim, 2020).Since the project is not easily divisible into independent parts, agile approach may not be suitable to this project, and a classical waterfall approach is recommended (Thesing, Feldmann, & Burchardt, 2021).

Communication
In this initial phase, effective communication is established to gather requirements from stakeholders.Identifying stakeholders is an important step in discussing focus on project requirements and constraints.Clear communication and documentation ensure shared understanding among all involved parties.

Planning
During this stage, the established requirements are allocated to a comprehensive project plan based on the gathered requirements.It involves identifying and defining project goals and objectives, selecting a suitable development methodology, and outlining key activities, tracks progress, and defines deliverables for the software development process.

Modeling
During this stage, stakeholder requirements are processed and translated into software systems.This includes allocating requirements to different parts of the software architecture and Jurnal JSRCS 4 (2): 199 -214 (November 2023) establishing user and system interactions using the Use Case Diagrams.For score management, a suitable database structure and data model are designed with an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD).The stage also designs the algorithm that defines the logic and calculations to solve a specific problem and perform a specific task.

Construction
During this stage, the software design specifications is translated into program units.
Back-End Development involves building server-side components using PHP, integrating with the MySQL database, and implementing required functionalities, such as Microsoft account integration for user authentication.Front-End Development focuses on creating a secure user interface user interface for both students and lecturers using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and integrating it with back-end APIs to access students' scores.Throughout the implementation stage, unit testing is conducted to ensure the application meets the requirements.

Deployment
During this stage, the system is deployed on the website for practical use, and maintenance activities are carried out to address any previously undetected errors and enhancing the system's services as new requirements are discovered by gathering feedback from users.

Results and Discussions
This chapter utilizes the waterfall framework to present the results and discussion of the application development process.It focuses on providing students and lecturers access to students' grades through the Scoreboard application.The chapter describes the outcome of each phase in the waterfall framework.

Communication
In the communication phase, the main objective is to gather and document the necessary information and specifications for the application.The following points are included in the communication process.

a. Stakeholders Identification
Stakeholder identification involves categorizing individuals based on their roles and responsibilities in the application.The outcome of this identification reveals three key stakeholders for the application: Students, Lecturers, and Administrator.

b. Scope Definition
The scope of the application encompasses the utilization of the user's Microsoft account, which aligns with the account system utilized by Bina Nusantara University.This integration allows users to access the application using their existing Microsoft account credentials.

c. Functional Requirements
After identifying the stakeholders and defining the scope, the comprehensive list of functionalities for the application is documented and organized in Table 1.Copyright © 2023 Jurnal JSRCS 4 (2): 199 -214 (November 2023)   203   Table 1

Planning
In the planning phase, the main objective is to establish the objectives of the application and determine the software development methodology.The following points are included in the planning process: a. Goals Definition In the goals definition phase, the primary objective is to understand the purpose and desired outcomes of the application and align them with the needs and expectations of the stakeholders.These objectives include: (1) Self-Assessment: The application enables students to assess their performance to make decisions about study habits and learning strategies; (2) Motivation: The application acts as a source of motivation by reinforcing efforts and providing a sense of accomplishment for positive grades and prompting students to seek support and work towards improvement for lower grades; (3) Accountability: The application fosters a sense of responsibility for learning outcomes, where students recognize that their efforts directly impact their grades; and (4) Communication: The application provides a means of communication between students and lecturers, allowing students to assess their performance and address any concerns about the accuracy or fairness of their grades.

b. Methodology Selection
In the Methodology Selection section, the waterfall framework is chosen for the software development process.The waterfall framework gives clear project structure because it follows a sequential and structured approach.This can provide clarity and make it easier to plan the development process, especially for projects with fixed requirements.This advantage is suitable for one man programmer when the project has well-defined and stable requirements.

c. Project Roadmap
In the waterfall framework, roadmap definition is integral phase that serves as a structured guide for the project execution as illustrated in Figure 1.

Modeling
In the modeling phase, the main objective is to convert and assign established requirements to software systems.The following points are included in the modeling process: where: The website includes a feature that displays the scores of students, and these scores are represented using a color-coded system, as shown in

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Waterfall Framework in Scoreboard Web Application Development The development process, as illustrated in Figure 1, follows the steps outlined in the waterfall framework.Each phase builds upon the outputs of the previous phase.Here are the steps involved in the waterfall framework of this research: Figure 2. Use Case Diagram of Scoreboard Application Figure 4. Query to Calculate the Class Component consists of only Composite Scores Calculating the score for a Class Component consists of only Additional Scores: To calculate the score for a Class Component consisting of only Additional Scores, the system utilizes the query shown in Figure 5.This query retrieves the calculated scores for each student in a class for the Class Components, considering both the primary scores and any additional scores.The query also ensures that the final score does not exceed 100.The results are grouped by the class ID, student ID, and component ID.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Color-Coded System on Scoreboard Application . Functionalities of the Application These selected scores are summed up, and the resulting sum is divided by total_composites to obtain the Class Component Score.Calculating the score for a Class Component consists of only Additional Scores: The computation is performed when the Class Component consists of only Additional Scores.The calculation can be expressed mathematically as shown in Equation2.The first step involves summing all scores in the Additional Scores list.The resulting sum is then added to the Class Component Score.However, if the sum exceeds 100, the computation caps the value at 100.
table stores information about lecturers, while the Students table stores information about students.The Periods table contains information about academic semesters.It represents different periods during which classes are conducted.The Classes table contains information about individual classes.It represents different classes that are offered, typically associated with specific courses.The ClassComponents table represents the components of a class.It stores information about various components that contribute to the overall evaluation of a class.The StudentMappings table represents the mappings between students and classes.It associates students with the classes they are enrolled in.The Scores table stores individual scores associated with class components.It represents the scores obtained by students for different class components.The CompositeScores table stores composite scores associated with a specific score entry.It contains entries representing composite scores that are calculated based on multiple class components.The AdditionalScores table stores additional scores associated with a specific score entry.Each entry in this table represents an additional score given to a student for a particular class component.The calculation can be expressed mathematically as shown in Equation 1.The first step is to identify and select the top total_composites highest scores from the Composite Scores list for Jurnal JSRCS 4 (2): 199 -214 (November 2023) further processing.

Table 2 .
Functionalities of the Application