Literature Review on Job Observation Methods as a Basis for Workload and Productivity Analysis

Abstract

Job observation is an important way to understand how people work and the extent of their workload. Through this literature review, the author attempts to discuss various studies that use job observation methods such as time and motion study, work sampling, and functional job analysis (FJA) as a basis for assessing employee workload and productivity. A search was conducted on various scientific sources from 2020 to 2025, including national and international journals. Based on the study results, job observation is considered capable of providing more realistic and objective data on work activities compared to other methods such as interviews or questionnaires. The application of time and motion study has proven effective in measuring work duration, identifying inefficient activities, and helping to increase productivity in various fields, particularly in the healthcare and industrial sectors. Meanwhile, functional job analysis focuses more on aspects of workers' roles and responsibilities as a basis for HR planning and the development of more accurate job descriptions. Overall, the combination of direct observation and functional analysis can provide a more comprehensive picture of workload and the potential for improving individual performance. This review also emphasizes the importance of utilizing digital technology, such as time-tracking apps or work monitoring systems, to make observation processes more accurate and efficient in the Industry 4.0 era.